Official song of Iglesia Filipina Independiente

MABUHAY KA! IGLESIA FILIPINA!

Sa pawis, luha at dugo
Ay isinilang Ka Simbahan ko.
Dumanas ka ng hirap
Habang iyong tinatahak
Ang landas tungo sa tagumpay

Sa bawat taong nagdaan
Ay nanatili sa diwa Mo
Ang tanging adhikain
Na hindi nagbabago
Ang PARA SA DIYOS AT SA BAYAN!

Koro:
Mabuhay Ka! Iglesia Filipina!
Mabuhay Ka! Simbahan ng mga dukha
Ang Pangalan Mo'y itataas ko
At iwawagayway ko ang Bandila Mo!!

Official Song of Youth of Iglesia Filipina Independiente

KABATAANG AGLIPAYANO

Noon at ngayon tila walang pagbabago

Dalita ay laganap pa rin sa bayan ko

Panaghoy at hibik sa guho ay namumuo

Marahas na kinitil ang liwanag ni kristo

  

Mga mangagawa samakina’y itinali

Hibla ng tubig alat sa mangingisda’y bumigti

Tipak na lupain sa magsasaka’y binawi

Kapayapaan at hustiya sa masang nasawi

Koro 1:

Tayo na kabataang aglipayano

Hawiin ang dilim at dalitang kalagayan

Lakas ay pag-isahin, ipaglas, isigaw!

Ipakita ang mukha ng maskarang kasaysayan

Koro 2:

Tayo na Kabataang Aglipayano

Suungin ang hamon,

Landasin ang kalayaan

lakas ay pag-isahin, ipiglas, isigaw!

Iguho ang moog ng maskarang kasaysayan

Darating ang liwanag sa bayan nating aba

Mapapawi ang lambong ng kahirapa’t dusa

Kasaganaan, kalayaan ang matatamasa

Kasama ang simbahan ng mga masa.

Field of Optics

The field of optics (study of light) is divided into three kinds:
(a) Geometrical optics (Macroscopic optics) which is concerned with the behaviour of light on a large scale (macro) and is treated by the method of light rays.
(b) Physical optics (Microscopic optics) which is concerned with the study of the finer details of light and involves theory of waves.
(c) Quantum optics which is concerned with the interaction of light with the matter and its treated by the method of quantum mechanics.

Collisions

Collision occurs when two or more objects hit each other.

Kinds of Collision
     a. Elastic Collision - are collisions in which both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. The total system kinetic energy before the collision equals the total system kinetic energy after collision.
  b. Inelastic collision - a collision in which the total kinetic energy after the collision is less than the collision.
   c. Complete inelastic - inelastic collision in which the colliding bodies stick together and move as one body after collision.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

"Every particle attracts every other particle with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them".

F = GM./r^2
Gravitational constant: G= 6.67*10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2

Types of Organic Reactions

     Substitution Reaction (Single replacement reaction or single displacement reaction) . In this reaction a hydrogen atom or a functional group is replaced by a different functional group.To recognize this type of reaction, look for the following two features:

           • two compounds react to form two different compounds

           • carbon atoms bonded to the same number of atoms in the product as in the reactant

                                      ex. One group replaces another

      Addition Reaction. In this reaction atoms are added to a double or triple bond. To recognize an addition reaction, check whether the carbon atoms in the product(s) are bonded to more atoms than are the carbon atoms in the organic reactant.

ex. A molecule adds across a pi bond

      Elimination Reaction. In this reaction atoms are removed from an organic molecule and a double bond forms between the two carbon atoms from which the atoms were removed. This reaction can be envisioned as the reverse of an addition reaction. One reactant usually loses two atoms, and two products are formed. A double bond is formed in the organic product. To recognize an elimination reaction, determine whether the carbon atoms in the organic product are bonded to fewer atoms than were the carbon atoms in the organic reactant.

ex.

    Rearrangement Reaction. In this reaction the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule.

    Condensation Reaction. In this reaction two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing a small, stable molecule, usually water, as a second product or functional group.

    Esterification Reaction. This is a reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester and water; a specific type of condensation reaction. Esterification reactions can be used to produce useful consumer products, such as acetylsalicyclic acid, commonly sold as Aspirin. Many of the flavours and aromas of fruits and spices are due to the presence of esters. Through esterification reactions, chemists have learned to duplicate natural esters. Synthesized esters are used to give artificial flavour to juices, candy, and many foods.

ex.

     Hydrolysis Reaction is essentially the reverse of a condensation reaction. This reaction is a chemical process in which a certain molecule is split into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water.

Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Precipitation Reaction

Precipitation occurs when ions in solution “swap partners” to form a new compound of low solubility in water. This low-solubility compound forms as solid particles that eventually settle which is called the "precipitate".

To predict whether a precipitate will form, you need to  know which substances are soluble in water and which  are insoluble.

Example.

These reactions are Double Displacement reactions, otherwise known at Metathesis Reactions, because the cations effectively change places. Here, the Pb2+ cation displaces the K+ cation and combines with the Iodide (I-) to form PbI2. Likewise, the K+ cation displaces the Pb2+ cation to combine with the Nitrate (NO3-) to form KNO3. 

Acid-base Reaction

An acid-base reaction is one in which an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water.

Redox Reaction (Oxidation-Reduction Reaction) is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species. Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electons. Each reaction is called "half-reaction" simply because we need the two to have a whole reaction.

Precipitation and acid-base reactions are sometimes known as ion exchange reactions. Ion exchange reactions also include gas forming reactions. Ion exchange reactions are a type of reaction where the positive ions exchange their respective negative ions due to a driving force.

A number of tests can be used to identify whether certain anions (chlorides, bromides,

iodides, carbonates, sulphates) are present in a solution.

Redox Reaction is a class of reactions that include:

– formation of a compound from its elements

– all combustion reactions

– reactions that generate electricity

– reactions that produce cellular energy

Oxidizing agent is the species doing the oxidizing.

Reducing agent is the species doing the reducing.

Instantaneous Acceleration Sample Problem

1. The fastest measured pitched baseball left the pitcher’s hand at a speed of 45.0 m/s. If the pitcher was in contact with the ball over a distance of 1.50 m and produced constant acceleration, (a) what acceleration did he give the ball, and (b) how much time did it take him to pitch it?